Sources

Food sources

Glucobrassicin, the glucosinolate precursor of I3C, is found in a number of cruciferous vegetables, including broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, collard greens, kale, kohlrabi, mustard greens, radish, rutabaga, and turnip. Although glucosinolates are present in relatively high concentrations in cruciferous vegetables, glucobrassicin makes up only about 8%-12% of the total glucosinolates. Total glucosinolate contents of selected cruciferous vegetables are presented in Table 1. However, the amount of total glucosinolates and the amount of indole-3-carbinol formed from glucobrassicin in food is variable and depends, in part, on the processing and preparation of foods (for more detailed information, see the article on Cruciferous Vegetables).

Supplements

Indole-3-Carbinol (I3C)

I3C is available without a prescription as a dietary supplement, alone or in combination products. Dosage ranges between 200 mg/day and 800 mg/day. I3C supplementation increased urinary 2HE1 concentrations in adults at doses of 300 to 400 mg/day. I3C doses of 200 mg/day or 400 mg/day improved the regression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in a preliminary clinical trial. I3C in doses up to 400 mg/day has been used to treat recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (see Disease Treatment).

3,3'-Diindolylmethane (DIM)

DIM is available without a prescription as a dietary supplement, alone or in combination products. In a small clinical trial, DIM supplementation at a dose of 108 mg/day for 30 days increased urinary 2HE1 excretion in postmenopausal women with a history of breast cancer.

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